Table 1 Comparative ideal types of debt reciprocity a
From: Ethnic moralities and reciprocity: towards an ethic of South-South relations
Feature | Indian rina b | Filipino utang na loob c |
|---|---|---|
Definition | - Debt, obligation, responsibility, bond, connectedness. | - Debt inside oneself; sense of gratitude; obligation to return a favour. |
Expected payment | - Has material basis and implications. | - Variable (with interest, partial or incomplete) depending on rank (Hollnsteiner 1973). |
- Appropriate hospitality toward guests (Satapatha Brahmana in Prasad 2007: 65). | ||
Emotional involvement | - High | - High |
Sanction | - No explicit sanction | - Shame (hiya) |
Social function | - Draws individuals to each other in obligatory relationships or connectedness. | - Bridges different class groups |
- A mode of redistributing resources. |